Führende Medien Gesellschaften 2018

Media Companies

A project manager is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers have the responsibility of the planning, procurement and execution of a project, in any undertaking that has a defined scope, defined start and a defined finish; regardless of industry. Project managers are first point of contact for any issues or discrepancies arising from within the heads of various departments in an organization before the problem escalates to higher authorities. Project management is the responsibility of a project manager. This individual seldom participates directly in the activities that produce the end result, but rather strives to maintain the progress, mutual interaction and tasks of various parties in such a way that reduces the risk of overall failure, maximizes benefits, and minimizes costs.

Overview

A project manager is the person responsible for accomplishing the project objectives. Key project management responsibilities include

defining and communicating project objectives that are clear, useful and attainable
procuring the project requirements like workforce, required information, various agreements and material or technology needed to accomplish project objectives
managing the constraints of the project management triangle, which are cost, time, scope and quality

A project manager is a client representative and has to determine and implement the exact needs of the client, based on knowledge of the organization they are representing. An expertise is required in the domain the Project Managers are working to efficiently handle all the aspects of the project. The ability to adapt to the various internal procedures of the client and to form close links with the nominated representatives, is essential in ensuring that the key issues of cost, time, quality and above all, client satisfaction, can be realized.

Project Management Key Topics

to specify the reason why a project is important
to specify the quality of the deliverables
resource estimate
timescale
Investment, corporate agreement and funding
Implementation of management plan on to the project
team building and motivation
risk assessments and change in the project
monitoring
stakeholder management
provider management
closing the project.^[1]

Project Tools

The tools, knowledge and techniques for managing projects are often unique to Project Management. For example: work breakdown structures, critical path analysis and earned value management. Understanding and applying the tools and techniques which are generally recognized as good practices are not sufficient alone for effective project management. Effective project management requires that the project manager understands and uses the knowledge and skills from at least four areas of expertise. Examples are PMBOK, Application Area Knowledge: standards and regulations set forth by ISO for project management, General Management Skills and Project Environment Management ^[2] There are also many options for project management software to assist in executing projects for the project manager and his/her team.

Project Teams

When recruiting and building an effective team, the manager must consider not only the technical skills of each person, but also the critical roles and chemistry between workers. A project team has mainly three separate components: Project Manager, Core Team and Contracted Team.

Risk

Most of the project management issues that influence a project arise from risk, which in turn arises from uncertainty. The successful project manager focuses on this as his/her main concern and attempts to reduce risk significantly, often by adhering to a policy of open communication, ensuring that project participants can voice their opinions and concerns.

Types of Project Managers

Construction Project Manager

Until recently, the American construction industry lacked any level of standardization, with individual States determining the eligibility requirements within their jurisdiction. However, several Trade associations based in the United States have made strides in creating a commonly accepted set of qualifications and tests to determine a project manager's competency.

The Construction Management Association of America (CMAA) maintains the Certified Construction Manager (CCM) designation. The purpose of the CCM is to standardize the education, experience and professional understanding needed to practice construction management at the highest level.
The Project Management Institute has made some headway into being a standardizing body with its creation of the Project Management Professional (PMP) designation.
The Constructor Certification Commission of the American Institute of Constructors holds semiannual nationwide tests. Eight American Construction Management programs require that students take these exams before they may receive their Bachelor of Science in Construction Management degree, and 15 other Universities actively encourage their students to consider the exams.
The Associated Colleges of Construction Education, and the Associated Schools of Construction have made considerable progress in developing national standards for construction education programs.

The profession has recently grown to accommodate several dozen Construction Management Bachelor of Science programs. Many universities have also begun offering a master's degree in Project Management. These programs generally are tailored to working professionals who have project management experience or project related experience; they provide a more intense and in depth education surrounding the knowledge areas within the project management body of knowledge.
The United States Navy construction battalions, nicknamed the SeaBees, puts their command through strenuous training and certifications at every level. To become a Chief Petty Officer in the SeaBees is equivalent to a BS in Construction Management with the added benefit of several years of experience to their credit. See ACE accreditation.

Architectural Project Manager

Architectural project manager are project managers in the field of architecture. They have many of the same skills as their counterpart in the construction industry. And will often work closely with the construction project manager in the office of the General Contractor (GC), and at the same time, coordinate the work of the design team and numerous consultants who contribute to a construction project, and manage communication with the client. The issues of budget, scheduling, and quality-control are the responsibility of the Project Manager in an architect's office.

Insurance Claim Project Manager

In the insurance industry project managers often oversee and manage the restoration of a clients home/office after a fire, flood. Covering the fields from electronics through to the demolition and constructions contractors.

Engineering Project Manager

In Engineering project management is the term used to describe the task of seeing a product/device through the stages of R&D/design to manufacturing stages. Working with various professionals in different fields of engineering and manufacturing to go from concept to finished product. Optionally, this can include different versions and standards as required by different countries. Requiring knowledge of laws, requirements and infrastructure. Things like electrical voltages often change from country to country.

Software Project Manager/IT Project Manager

A Software Project Manager has many of the same skills as their counterparts in other industries. Beyond the skills normally associated with traditional project management in industries such as construction and manufacturing, a software project manager will typically have an extensive background in software development. Many software project managers hold a degree in Computer Science, Information Technology, Management of Information Systems or another related field.
In traditional project management a heavyweight, predictive methodology such as the waterfall model is often employed, but software project managers must also be skilled in more lightweight, adaptive methodologies such as DSDM, Scrum and XP. These project management methodologies are based on the uncertainty of developing a new software system and advocate smaller, incremental development cycles. These incremental or iterative cycles are time boxed (constrained to a known period of time, typically from one to four weeks) and produce a working subset of the entire system deliverable at the end of each iteration. The increasing adoption of lightweight approaches is due largely to the fact that software requirements are very susceptible to change, and it is extremely difficult to illuminate all the potential requirements in a single project phase before the software development commences.
The software project manager is also expected to be familiar with the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). This may require in depth knowledge of requirements solicitation, application development, logical and physical database design and networking. This knowledge is typically the result of the aforementioned education and experience. There is not a widely accepted certification for software project managers, but many will hold the Project Management Professional (PMP) designation offered by the Project Management Institute, PRINCE2 or an advanced degree in project management, such as a MSPM or other graduate degree in technology management.

Responsibilities

The Project Manager is accountable for ensuring that everyone on the team knows and executes his or her role, feels empowered and supported in the role, knows the roles of the other team members and acts upon the belief that those roles will be performed.^[3] The specific responsibilities of the Project Manager may vary depending on the industry, the company size, the company maturity, and the company culture. However, there are some responsibilities that are common to all Project Managers, noting:^[4]

Developing the project plans
Managing the project stakeholders
Managing communication
Managing the project team
Managing the project risks
Managing the project schedule
Managing the project budget
Managing the project conflicts
Managing the project delivery

References

· "What is project management?". www.apm.org.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2018.

· · PMBOK Guide Third Edition 2004 p.12

· · Russell, PMP, D. (2011). Accountability. In Succeeding in the project management jungle: How to manage the people side of projects (p. 29). New York, NY: AMACOM.

4. · Berrie, Michele, Project Manager Responsibilities, PM Hut. Accessed 17. Oct 2009.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Project Management Institute (PMI), USA
US DoD (2003). Interpretive Guidance for Project Manager Positions. August 2003.
Open source handbook for project managers Open source handbook for project managers. July 2006.
Collection of scholarly articles Project Management Training: Research. Nov 2012.

Categories:

ZenithOptimedia includes only Disney's media networks and interactive divisions for the purposes of its report.
Media networks covers ad revenue associated by its TV shows and the affiliate fees it receives for them, while interactive looks at online properties such as its Club Penguin game and the Disney Infinity series.
The Disney Channel is perhaps the best-known of Disney's TV properties, but it also owns US national TV network ABC, which broadcasts shows suchu as "Modern Family" and "Grey's Anatomy."
Disney also owns a 50% stake in digital media company Fusion and it has a 33% stake in video streaming platform Hulu.
Alphabet is the new holding company that owns Google — and it dominates this ranking by a considerable distance.
Eric Schmidt, Alphabet's executive chairman, recently said that advertising will always be Google's dominant business.
Google makes most of its money through search advertising, but it is also a huge player in display advertising through its DoubleClick ad tech platform, and video advertising, through YouTube.
Google increased its operating profit by 17.4% to $19.4 billion in 2015.

Digital giants are increasingly dominating the global advertising market.

In 2015, Google, Facebook, Baidu, Yahoo, and Microsoft accounted for 19% of all the global ad spend flowing through all media, according to media agency ZenithOptimedia's 2016 "Top Thirty Global Media Owners" report.

The report ranks the world's biggest media companies in order of revenue generated in financial year 2013, the latest year for which it has consistent revenue figures for all the publicly-listed companies. Media revenue includes advertising but also things like circulation revenues for newspapers and magazines.

All the familiar names are in there as well as some huge foreign entities you may not recognize.

Als Galerie anzeigen

30. Time Inc. — $2.87 billion in media revenue

Time Inc. used to be the magazine division of Time Warner, but was spun out as a standalone company in June 2014.

Its most well-known titles include Sports Illustrated, Time Magazine, and InStyle.

ZenithOptimedia notes that Time generates the majority of its revenues (53% in 2015) through advertising and that it has suffered from the overall decline in magazine circulations. "Time Inc.'s revenues declined at an average rate of 4.1% a year between 2011 and 2015."

29. Yomiuru Shimbun Holdings — $2.88 billion in media revenue

Shinnosuke Abe #10 of Hanshin Tigers and Yomiuri Giants in action during the friendly match between Hanshin Tigers and Yomiuri Giants at the Hanshin Koshien Stadium on November 11, 2014 in Nishinomiya, Japan.Atsushi Tomura/Getty Images

This Japanese media group owns the eponymous daily newspaper, The Yomiuri Shimbun, which is the most popular daily newspaper in the world, with a circulation of more than 9 million copies.

The company also owns English language daily The Japan News and it owns a 14.6% stake in the Nippon TV network, publishing group Chukoron-Shinsha, and Japanese professional baseball team the Yomiuri Giants.

28. ProSiebenSat.1 — $2.91 billion in media revenue

Christian Augustin/Getty Images

ProSiebenSat.1 owns 15 TV stations across Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, reaching around 42 million households in total.

The company is currently working to grow its "digital and adjacent" business, which accounted for 26% of total revenue in 2015.

27. Gannett — $2.95 billion in media revenue

Justin Sullivan/Getty Images

Gannett owns 93 daily newspapers in the US, including USA Today, and 400 other non-daily publications. It also owns more than 150 properties in the UK, within its Newsquest unit.

ZenithOptimedia predicts the company, which had almost $200 million in cash at the end of 2015, has capacity for growth through acquisitions.

2015 was an acquisitive year for Gannet: It bought Romanes Media Group, the 59.4% it didn't already own of Texas-New Mexico Newspapers Partnership, and Journal Media Group.

26. Hubert Burda Meda —$3.05 billion in media revenue

Guests pose at the Burda Style Cocktail on July 10, 2014 in Berlin, Germany.Clemens Bilan/Getty Images for Hubert Burda Media

Hubert Burda Media is a Germany-based publisher that owns 93 magazines in its home country and 320 international titles.

Its well-known brands include the German editions of Playboy, Elle, and Harper's Bazaar, and Burda Style.

25. Fuji Media Holdings — $3.23 billion in media revenue

Hisashi Hieda, Chairman and CEO of Fuji Television Network, Inc. attends a joint press conference on February 23, 2005 in Tokyo, Japan.Junko Kimura/Getty Images

Fuji Media Holdings is one of Japan's biggest media owners.

It operates the Fuji Television Network and radio business Nippon Broadcasting System.

The company's total media revenue took a slight dip on the $3.274 billion ZenithOptimedia estimated for 2014.

24. ITV — $3.33 billion in media revenue

Coronation Street is one of ITV's most popular shows.Christopher Furlong/Getty Images

ITV is the UK's largest commercial television network, with more than 15 channels.

It also has stakes in digital TV services Freesat (50%) and YouView (14.3%) and it owns 40% of news production company ITN.

23. Mediaset — $3.39 billion in media revenue

REUTERS/Alessia Pierdomenico

Mediaset is the largest commercial broadcaster in Italy and it also owns a controlling stake in the largest TV network in Spain, MEC.

The company's Italian channels include Canale 5, Italia 1, Rete 4, Boing, and Cartoonito.

Mediaset was founded in the 1970s by former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. His son Pier is vice-chairman and his family-owned Fininvest still has a 41% stake in the company.

22. Axel Springer — $3.39 billion in media revenue

Mathias Döpfner, Axel Springer CEO.Axel Springer

Germany-based Axel Springer owns newspapers, magazines, TV channels, radio stations, and websites in 35 countries.

Its biggest titles in Germany include the daily newspapers B.Z., Bild, and Die Welt.

In September last year, Axel Springer acquired 88% of Business Insider for $343 million in cash, bringing its total stake up to 97%.

21. JCDecaux — $3.74 billion in media revenue

Jacky Naegelen/Reuters Pictures

France-based JCDecaux is the largest outdoor advertising company in the world, with more than 1 million advertising panels and more than half a million "street furniture" panels (think bus-shelters and bike racks.)

JCDecaux made a number of acquisitions in 2015: buying 70% of Continental Outdoor Media, 70% of Eye Catcher Media, and all of CEMUSA.

20. Hearst Corporation —$4 billion in media revenue

Spanish actress Andrea Duro attends the VIII Cosmopolitan Fun Fearless Female Awards at the Ritz hotel on October 27, 2015 in Madrid, Spain.Carlos Alvarez/Getty Images

Hearst publishes 15 daily newspapers, 21 consumer magazines, and 30 TV stations in the US.

Its big brands include the affiliate partners of the ABC and NBC networks, Cosmopolitan, Esquire, and the San Francisco Chronicle.

It also owns around 300 newspaper and magazine titles internationally.

19. CCTV — $4.08 billion in media revenue

Jack Ma (R), Chairman of Alibaba Group, and Wang Jianlin, Chairman of Dalian Wanda Group, attend the 2013 CCTV's China Economic Person Of The Year Award on December 12, 2013 in Beijing, China.ChinaFotoPress via Getty Images

China Central Television is the Chinese state broadcaster.

It broadcasts 21 free-to-air channels, 19 pay-TV channels, and 10 international channels in the English, French, Spanish, Russian, Korean, and Arabic languages.

ZenithOptimedia notes that CCTV didn't publish the revenues raised by the annual auction of its prime-time slots in the autumn, "causing some to speculate it had been overtaken in ad revenue by Baidu, and didn't want to openly admit as much."

18. Asahi Shimbun Company — $4.12 billion in media revenue

Flickr CC/Ryo FUKAsawa

Asahi Shimbun is Japan's second most-popular newspaper.

The company also owns 25 magazine titles — including AERA, Sesame, and Autocar Japan — and has a 24.83% stake in TV Asahi.

17. Microsoft — $4.58 billion in media revenue

Satya Nadella, CEO of Microsoft.Robert Galbraith/Reuters

Advertising makes up around 5% of Microsoft's total revenue, according to ZenithOptimedia.

Microsoft sells ads alongside it MSN portal, search engine bing, video calling service Skype, and its Xbox Live gaming and media platform.

ZenithOptimedia notes that Microsoft increased its ad revenue by an average of 12.5% per year between 2010 and 2015, although this was behind the 17.9% internet ad market growth rate.

Last year, Microsoft announced a big ad deal with AOL, which has seen it supplying AOL's search results, while AOL will handle Microsoft's display ad sales in its top nine markets. Ad tech company AppNexus picked up responsibility for ad sales in Microsoft's other display ad markets.

16. Time Warner — $4.57 billion in media revenue

Time Warner produces the Game of Thrones franchise.HBO

Time Warner dropped down ZenithOptimedia's rankings from 8th place last year due to hiving off the Time Inc. publishing division in June 2014.

The company now has three operating divisions: Turner Broadcasting System, HBO, and Warner Bros. Entertainment.

15. Yahoo — $4.62 billion

AP Photo

Search advertising was Yahoo's biggest earner in 2015, generating 42% of the company's total revenue. Yahoo is the default search option in popular web browser Firefox.

Display advertising is Yahoo's next biggest earner, with the majority of revenue coming from its own sites and 18% coming from third-party affiliate sites.

Some 36% of Yahoo's revenues come from mobile.

The company is currently assessing bids for its core business, which also includes search and mail.

14. Grupo Globo — $4.83 billion in media revenue

Facebook/TV Globo Internacional

Grupo Globo, Brazil's biggest media owner, was the third fastest-growing company in ZenithOptimedia's rankings, growing media revenue by 15% year-on-year.

The company owns teh newspaper O Globo, 12 magazines, four radio networks, and public TV network TV Globo.

TV Globo held exclusive rights to all 64 matches in the FIFA World Cup in 2014, boosting its revenue that year. It is expected to receive another advertising windfall during this summer's Olympics.

13. Discovery Communications — $6.11 billion in media revenue

"Deadliest Catch" is a popular Discovery Channel show.Facebook/Discovery Channel UK

Discovery owns 14 TV networks in the US including the eponymous Discovery Channel as well as TLC and Animal Planet.

It distributes 48 international brands which, combined, reach more than 2.6 billion subscribers in more than 220 countries worldwide.

The US networks still generate almost half of the company's revenue (48% in 2014) and 67% of its operating profit.

12. iHeartMedia — $6.12 billion

Jason Derulo performs on stage during 2016 iHeartRadio Summer Pool Party at Fountainbleau Miami Beach on May 21, 2016 in Miami Beach, Florida.Gustavo Caballero/Getty Images for iHeartMedia

iHeartMedia used to be known as Clear Channel Communications and operates a US radio business and an international outdoor advertising business.

The company owns 861 stations in the US, reaching 110 million listeners each week.

It operates 107,000 display advertising structures in North America and 540,000 display units across Asia, Australia, and Europe.

11. Advance Publications — $6.42 billion

Vogue

Advance Publications owns the Condé Nast Publications magazines business (including titles such as Glamour, Vogue, Vanity Fair, and GQ), several US newspapers (such as The Plain Dealer and The Times-Picayune), and a 31% stake in Discovery Communications.

ZenithOptimedia notes that detailed financial information is scarce, so the above number is an estimate.

10. News Corp — $6.86 billion in media revenue

New York Post's cover on Friday.Newseum

News Corp, in its current form, came about after the former News Corporation split its information and publishing business and its broadcasting and film business (21st Century Fox) into two in 2013.

News Corp owns The Wall Street Journal and The New York Post in the US and The Times and the Sun in the UK.

It also owns the promotions company News America Marketing, Barron's magazine, and book publisher HarperCollins.

9. Baidu — $7.895 billion in media revenue

Thomson Reuters

Baidu is the Chinese language search giant, which also offers maps, social networking, security, entertainment, ecommerce, and mobile services.

It generates 96% of its revenue from advertising.

Baidu rose from 14th to 9th place in this year's ranking.

8. CBS Corporation — $9.57 billion in media revenue

"The Big Bang Theory" is a popular CBS hit.CBS

CBS derives most of its revenue from its TV channels and radio stations.

The CBS Television Network broadcasts to more than 200 affiliated stations, which are home to hits like "NCIS" and "Big Bang Theory."

CBS also has a 50% stake in The CW Network and it has a joint venture with AMC Networks to run international channels like Horror Channel and CBS Drama in the UK, Ireland, the Middle East, and Africa.

CBS also owns 117 US radio stations.

7. Viacom — $9.61 billion in media revenue

Kevin Winter/Getty Images

Viacom runs more than 250 TV channels worldwide, including MTV, Nickelodeon, Comedy Central, and Channel 5 in the UK.

As Reuters noted, Viacom shares have fallen by more than 50% in the past two years as its cable networks suffered continued ratings declines. Viacom's US ad revenue has declined in the last seven straight quarters.

93-year-old media mogul Sumner Redstone's trust owns 80% of movie theater company National Amusements, which owns 80% of the voting rights in both Viacom and CBS. Redstone recently removed Viacom CEO Philippe Dauman and Viacom board member George Abrams from the seven-person trust that will determine the fate of the company in the event of his incapacitation or death, Reuters reported.

6. Bertelsmann — $10.04 billion in media revenue

"Let's Dance" is a popular RTL show.Andreas Rentz/Getty Images

Bertelsmann owns TV and radio group RTL (a 75.1% stake), book publishing companies Random House and Penguin, magazine publishing company Gruner + Jahr, music company BMG, marketing company Arvato, The Bertelsmann Education Group, and Bertelsmann Investments.

ZenithOptimedia notes that the company's revenues grew 2.8% in the year to December, driven partly by good performances at its German TV business and solid digital growth.

5. Facebook — $11.49 billion

David Ramos/Getty Images

ZenithOptimedia names Facebook as "the main beneficiary" of the transition to mobile.

Its total media revenue grew 63% over the pat year, thanks to the company embracing mobile technology, encouraging users to visit the site/app multiple times each day.

The fourth quarter of 2013 was the first in which Facebook's mobile revenue exceeded desktop and, by the end of 2015, mobile ad revenue accounted for 73% of the total.

4. 21st Century Fox — $18.67 billion in media revenue

21st Century Fox

21st Century Fox owns the huge Fox Broadcasting and Fox Sports television companies, plus STAR India, and it has a 39% stake in British broadcasting company Sky.

The company's canble network programming division increased revenues by 12.2% in 2015 to a record $13.8 billion.

ZenithOptimedia does not include revenues from Fox's filmed entertainment or direct broadcast statellite television segments in its estimate.

3. Comcast — $19.72 billion in media revenue

"Sharknado" is a Syfy hit.Raymond Liu/Syfy/"Sharknado 3"

The majority (88%) of Comcast's media revenue came from its NBCUniversal cable networks and broadcast TV divisions.

The cable division comprises 15 national cable networks in the US — USA Network, Syfy, CNBC, and more — and nine international TV channels.

On the broadcast side, the company operates NBC and Spanish-language network Telemundo.

The rest of Comcast's media revenue comes from its cable business, which gets an allocation of ad slots within the cable networks it transmits to customers.

Comcast also owns video streaming service Hulu.

2. The Walt Disney Company — $22.45 billion in media revenue

Flickr/Phillie Casablanca

ZenithOptimedia includes only Disney's media networks and interactive divisions for the purposes of its report.

Media networks covers ad revenue associated by its TV shows and the affiliate fees it receives for them, while interactive looks at online properties such as its Club Penguin game and the Disney Infinity series.

The Disney Channel is perhaps the best-known of Disney's TV properties, but it also owns US national TV network ABC, which broadcasts shows suchu as "Modern Family" and "Grey's Anatomy."

Disney also owns a 50% stake in digital media company Fusion and it has a 33% stake in video streaming platform Hulu.

1. Alphabet — $59.62 billion in media revenue

Roman Boed/Flickr

Alphabet is the new holding company that owns Google — and it dominates this ranking by a considerable distance.

Eric Schmidt, Alphabet's executive chairman, recently said that advertising will always be Google's dominant business.

Google makes most of its money through search advertising, but it is also a huge player in display advertising through its DoubleClick ad tech platform, and video advertising, through YouTube.

Google increased its operating profit by 17.4% to $19.4 billion in 2015.

Spanien ist eine Erbmonarchie mit parlamentarisch-demokratischem Regierungssystem.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

2.3 Judikative

Grundsätze

Laut der Verfassung des Königreichs Spanien ist Spanien ein sozialer und demokratischer Rechtsstaat. Der Staat orientiert sich an den Prinzipien Freiheit, Gerechtigkeit, Gleichheit und politischem Pluralismus. Die Staatsgewalt geht vom spanischen Volk aus. Es ist Träger der nationalen Souveränität. Staatsform ist die parlamentarische Monarchie. Außerdem garantiert die Verfassung in Art. 2 sowohl die "unauflösbare Einheit der spanischen Nation" als auch das "Recht der Nationalitäten und Regionen auf Autonomie".

Regierungssystem auf nationaler Ebene

Legislative

→ Hauptartikel: Cortes Generales

Die gesetzgebende Funktion hat das Parlament. Es heißt Cortes Generales und ist in zwei Kammern unterteilt. Das Abgeordnetenhaus, Congreso de los Diputados, hat mindestens 300 und höchstens 400 Sitze. Diese werden in allgemeiner, freier, gleicher, unmittelbarer und geheimer Wahl gewählt. Der Senat, Senado, ist die Kammer der territorialen Repräsentation. Der Senat hat etwa 250 Mitglieder. Die meisten werden vom Volk gewählt. Etwa 50 Senatoren werden durch die autonomen Gemeinschaften Spaniens ernannt. Die Aufgaben des Parlaments sind neben der Gesetzgebung auch die Bewilligung des Staatshaushalts und die Kontrolle der Regierung.
Eine Person kann nur einer Kammer angehören. Wahlberechtigt sind alle volljährigen spanischen Bürger, die im Vollbesitz ihrer politischen Rechte sind.

Exekutive

Staatsoberhaupt

Das Staatsoberhaupt ist der König, zurzeit Felipe VI. Der König ist auch der Oberbefehlshaber der Streitkräfte. Vergleichbar mit der Rolle des deutschen Bundespräsidenten, hat der König nur repräsentative Funktionen. Er bestätigt Gesetze und ist für die Ernennung und Entlassung des Regierungschefs verantwortlich.

Ministerpräsident

Der Ministerpräsident Spaniens, zurzeit Pedro Sánchez, hat ähnlich dem deutschen Bundeskanzler die Richtlinienkompetenz für die Zentralregierung. Der Ministerpräsident wird vom König ernannt und muss vom Parlament bestätigt werden. Er kann die Cortes Generales auflösen und verfrühte Neuwahlen veranlassen.

Judikative

Das Verfassungsgericht, Tribunal Constitucional de España, ist in verfassungsrechtlichen Fällen zuständig.
Für alle anderen Fälle steht der Oberste Gerichtshof, Tribunal Supremo, einer Struktur mit Fachgerichten auf regionaler, provinzialer und lokaler Ebene vor. Die Leitung der Judikative (mit Ausnahme des Verfassungsgerichts) obliegt dem Generalrat der rechtsprechenden Gewalt.

Autonome Gemeinschaften

Spanien ist in 17 Autonome Gemeinschaften gegliedert. Diese verfügen über weitreichende Kompetenzen in Legislative und Exekutive und über eigene Parlamente und Regierungen. Von der Kompetenzausstattung sind sie mittlerweile mit deutschen Bundesländern vergleichbar. Spanien wird daher heute als eines der am stärksten dezentralisierten Länder Europas betrachtet.
Es handelt sich bei Spanien aber dennoch nicht um einen Bundesstaat, weil die Autonomen Gemeinschaften zwar mit umfangreichen Kompetenzen ausgestattete Gebietskörperschaften sind, aber nicht über Eigenstaatlichkeit verfügen. Dies zeigt sich u. a. daran, dass sie ihre Autonomiestatute (denen die Funktion einer "Landesverfassung" zukommt) nicht selbständig verabschieden oder ändern können, sondern dies der Zustimmung des gesamtspanischen Parlaments bedarf. Die Autonomen Gemeinschaften sind also nicht verfassungsautonom.
Dieses Staatsmodell wird häufig als Staat der Autonomien (Estado autonómico) bezeichnet.

Kommunale Gebietskörperschaften

Von der Verfassung garantierte kommunale Gebietskörperschaften sind die Gemeinden und Provinzen. Einen Sonderstatut haben die beiden Autonomen Städte Ceuta und Melilla, die keiner Provinz und auch keiner Autonomen Gemeinschaft zugehören.
Sieben Autonome Gemeinschaften bestehen nur aus einer Provinz (Asturien, Kantabrien, Navarra, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Balearen). In diesen Regionen sind die Aufgaben, die sonst von den Provinzen wahrgenommen werden, auf die Autonomen Gemeinschaften übergegangen.
In verschiedenen Autonomen Gemeinschaften bestehen weitere Ebenen der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung.

Siehe auch

Geschichte Spaniens#Parlamentarische Monarchie

Literatur

Walther L. Bernecker: Spanien-Handbuch: Geschichte und Gegenwart. Tübingen 2006, ISBN 978-3-8252-2827-9.
José Porras Ramírez: Der Bereich der Regierung in der spanischen Verfassungsordnung. In: Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart. Neue Folge / Bd. 50, 2002, S. 389–413.
Fernando Santaolalla: Gesetzgebung im politischen System Spaniens. In: Wolfgang Ismayr (Hrsg.): Gesetzgebung in Westeuropa. EU-Staaten und Europäische Union. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2008, 513-557.

Weblinks

Politik und Gesellschaft

Dieses Blog durchsuchen

NeuesvonMalenkaRadi2018